UK Air Pollution Removal: SEEA Accounts Show £1 billion Avoided in Health Damage Costs

The U.K. Office of National Statistics recently published a report on the monetary valuation of vegetation surrounding it's urban and rural areas in removing harmful pollution and reducing healthcare related costs based on SEEA accounts, in the context of their SEEA EEA programming.

This article was taken from the Office of National Statistics, United Kingdom and was published on 30th July 2018 and authored by Matthew Bezzano (environment.accounts@ons.gov.uk)

Overall, an estimated 1.4 billion kg of air pollutants were removed by woodlands, plants, grasslands and other UK vegetation in 2015¹, according to a study produced for the UK Natural Capital accounts by the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology.

To put this in context, over five times as much PM_2.5 was emitted in the UK in 2015, than was removed by vegetation in 2015².

This pollution removal saved the UK around £1 billion in avoided health damage costs³. It is estimated there were 7,100 fewer lung and heart-related hospital admissions, 27,000 fewer life years lost and 1,900 fewer premature deaths in 2015 as result of nature providing this service.

Trees in particular provide a wide range of services and account for most of the volume of air pollutants absorbed by natural vegetation in the UK but can have adverse effects also⁴.

The study looks at the role of vegetation in removing air pollutants, and the benefits they provide to human health through reductions in exposure. Most harmful is PM_2.5 (fine particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers, or 3% of the diameter of a human hair), but the study also covers PM₁₀, nitrogen dioxide, ground-level ozone, ammonia and Sulphur dioxide.

Even though vegetation will not solve the whole issue of air quality in the UK, and in some cases vegetation can have adverse effects on air quality, the service of air pollution absorption by vegetation is nevertheless an important one.

Regional variations in pollution removal by vegetation

Table 1 presents the top five regions that removed the greatest amount of pollution per hectare (an area roughly the same size as a rugby pitch or London’s Trafalgar Square) in 2015. Those that removed the least amount are also presented.

All regions estimated to remove the greatest amount of pollution per hectare are in the South East of England and are fairly rural. Four of the regions estimated as removing the least amount of pollution are in London.

The regions with the highest and lowest valuations based on avoided health damage costs per resident are also presented in Table 1. All regions with the highest valuations are in England, with the majority being in the South of England. Again, those regions with the lowest valuations are much more rural, three of which being remote areas of Scotland.

Table 1: UK regions with the highest and lowest average pollution removal, and the highest and lowest avoided health damage costs, in 2015

Notes:

It is possible that residents of one region may benefit from pollution absorbed in neighboring regions due to the nature of the model.

Why is the value of vegetation removing pollution greater for residents of urban areas than for residents of rural areas?

The monetary value takes into account avoided health damage costs to people – the more people that benefit from the removal of pollution the higher the value. As a result, population density is a major determinant of the final valuation.

Concentrations of pollutants are generally higher near to and within cities than in remote rural areas, so there is more pollution to remove. In addition, urban residents benefit from pollution removed by vegetation in rural areas adjacent to their area.

Which pollutants are most harmful?

The vast majority (88%) of the estimated total monetary value of air pollutant filtration by vegetation results from the removal of PM_2.5. For a breakdown of valuations by country please see the reference tables.

Most PM_2.5 is man-made and is emitted during the combustion of solid and liquid fuels, such as from diesel and petrol cars, power plants and domestic heating.

Due to their small size, PM_2.5 can stay in the air longer than heavier particles, increasing the likelihood of inhalation. This can be damaging to human health as they can bypass the nose and throat and penetrate deep into the lungs, triggering chronic disease such as asthma, heart disease, bronchitis, and other respiratory problems.

While 88% of the value of avoided health damage costs are attributable to the removal of PM_2.5, this pollutant accounts for less than 2% of the physical volume of pollution removed from the atmosphere.

Notes:

1. All avoided health damage costs throughout the article are in 2012 prices. Avoided damage costs cause by Ammonia (NH₃) and PM₁₀ are covered by PM_2.5 as this includes the aerosol fraction that derives from NH₃ and PM_2.5 is the most damaging component of PM₁₀.

The type of habitat in the region will affect how much air pollution is removed by vegetation since some types of land cover remove more pollutants than others. For the UK as a whole, woodlands are estimated to account for over 80% of all PM_2.5 removed by vegetation, despite only accounting for 12% of the UK land area. Enclosed farmland is the next biggest contributor to the removal of PM_2.5, but this only accounts for 11% of all PM_2.5 removed by vegetation.

Although the overall value of removing pollution is significant, the study shows that natural vegetation can only play part of the role of cleaning up air pollution and needs to be considered alongside other pollution reduction measures.

It is also recognized that at very localized scales (for example street level) the effects of vegetation on air quality depends upon the species composition and can be positive or negative. The Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) study was unable to model this level of detail.

Air pollution removal is only one of a number of important cultural and regulating services provided by vegetation. Methods are being developed to incorporate the values of these services within the UK natural capital accounts, see our natural capital website for more information. However, the approach used for valuation is subject to review, so it is possible the figures might change.

Footnotes

• All estimates are classified as experimental and are subject to revision as the UK natural capital accounts are developed.
• An estimated 112 million kilograms of PM_2.5 were emitted in the UK in 2015, for more information see the Defra air emission statistics.
• All avoided health damage costs throughout the article are in 2012 prices. Avoided damage costs cause by Ammonia (NH₃) and PM₁₀ are covered by PM_2.5 as this includes the aerosol fraction that derives from NH₃ and PM_2.5 is the most damaging component of PM₁₀.
• Depending upon the type of trees and their location, vegetation can also have adverse impacts on air quality especially in urban areas, for example by trapping pollutants under the canopy and through emissions of other pollutants such as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs).